After the shooting, Ahn yelled out for Korean independence in Russian, stating "Корея! Ура!", and waving the Korean flag.
Afterwards, Ahn was arrested by Russian guards who held him for two days before turning him over to Japanese colonial authorities. When he heard the news that Ito had died, he made the sign of the cross in gratitude. Ahn was quoted as saying, "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."[11] Despite the orders from the Bishop of Korea not to administer the Sacraments to Ahn, Fr. Wilhelm disobeyed and went to Ahn to give the Last Sacraments. Ahn insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas.
In the court, Ahn insisted that he be treated as a prisoner of war, as a lieutenant general of the Korean resistance army, instead of a criminal, and listed 15 crimes Ito had committed which convinced him to kill Ito.[12]
"15 reason why Ito Hirobumi should be killed.
1. Assassinating the Korean Empress Myeongseong
2. Dethroning the Emperor Gojong
3. Forcing 14 unequal treaties on Korea.[13]
4. Massacring innocent Koreans
5. Usurping the authority of the Korean government by force
6. Plundering Korean railroads, mines, forests, and rivers
7. Forcing the use of Japanese banknotes
8. Disbanding the Korean armed forces
9. Obstructing the education of Koreans
10.Banning Koreans from studying abroad
11.Confiscating and burning Korean textbooks
12.Spreading a rumor around the world that Koreans wanted Japanese protection
13.Deceiving the Japanese Emperor by saying that the relationship between Korea and Japan was peaceful when in truth it was full of hostility and conflicts
14.Breaking the peace of Asia
15.Assassinating the Emperor Komei.[14]
When he heard the news that Ito had died, he made the sign of the cross in gratitude. Ahn was quoted as saying, "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."[11] Despite the orders from the Bishop of Korea not to administer the Sacraments to Ahn, Fr. Wilhelm disobeyed and went to Ahn to give the Last Sacraments. Ahn insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas.
In the court, Ahn insisted that he be treated as a prisoner of war, as a lieutenant general of the Korean resistance army, instead of a criminal, and listed 15 crimes Ito had committed which convinced him to kill Ito.[12]
"15 reason why Ito Hirobumi should be killed.
1. Assassinating the Korean Empress Myeongseong
2. Dethroning the Emperor Gojong
3. Forcing 14 unequal treaties on Korea.[13]
4. Massacring innocent Koreans
5. Usurping the authority of the Korean government by force
6. Plundering Korean railroads, mines, forests, and rivers
7. Forcing the use of Japanese banknotes
8. Disbanding the Korean armed forces
9. Obstructing the education of Koreans
10.Banning Koreans from studying abroad
11.Confiscating and burning Korean textbooks
12.Spreading a rumor around the world that Koreans wanted Japanese protection
13.Deceiving the Japanese Emperor by saying that the relationship between Korea and Japan was peaceful when in truth it was full of hostility and conflicts
14.Breaking the peace of Asia
15.Assassinating the Emperor Komei.[14]
I, as a lieutenant general of the Korean resistance army, killed the criminal Ito Hirobumi because he disturbed the peace of the Orient and estranged the relationship between Korea and Japan. I hoped that if Korea and Japan be friendlier and are ruled peacefully, they would be a model all throughout the five continents. I did not kill Ito misunderstanding his intentions."
After six trials, Ahn was sentenced to death by the Japanese colonial court in Ryojun (Port Arthur) in an unfair trial. Ahn was angered at the sentence, though he expected it.[11] He had hoped to be viewed as a prisoner of war instead of an assassin.[11] On the same day of sentencing at two o'clock in the afternoon, his two brothers Jeong-Geun and Gong-Geun met with him to deliver their mother's message, "Your death is for the sake of your country, and don't ask for your life cowardly. Your brave death for justice is a final filial regards to your mother." [15]
Prior to his execution, Ahn made two final requests; that the wardens help him finish his essay, "On Peace in East Asia", and for a set of white silk Korean clothes to die in. The warden was able to grant the second request and resigned shortly afterwards. Ahn requested to be executed as a prisoner of war, by firing squad. But instead it was ordered that he should be hanged as a common criminal. The execution took place in Ryojun, on March 26, 1910. His grave in Harbin hasn't been found.[16]
"一日不讀書口中生荊棘" means "Unless reading everyday, thorns grow in the mouth."
Thomas An Jung-geun (도마 안중근)
On October 8, 1895, Empress Myeongseong (명성황후; 明成皇后; 민비), the wife ofEmperor Gwangmu (광무황제; 光武皇帝; 고종) of the Korean Empire was assassinated by a group of Japanese assassins (the Eulmi Incident; 을미사변; 乙未事變). Miura Goro (三浦梧楼), then Japan's Resident Minister in Korea, was suspected as the mastermind of the assassination. In February 1896, Kim stayed at an inn in Chihapo,Hwanghae Province while traveling to southern regions. There he found a Japanese man named Tsuchida Josuke (土田譲亮), who was disguised as a Korean and concealing a Japanese sword, and killed him believing that he was involved in the assassination of the queen.
In his autobiography, 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志), Kim describes his motivation at the time as follows:
Since many Japaneses go through Chihapo every day, there is no reason for him to disguise as a Korean if he were an ordinary merchant or workman. Could he be Miura or one of his accomplices who killed the queen, fled from Seoul and hiding here? Even if he is not, a Japanese man with a disguise and a sword can do nothing but harm to my country and people. I will revenge for my queen by killing this Japanese man.
— Baekbeom Ilji
After the killing, Kim left a hand-written document which said "Kim Changsoo from Haeju, Hwanghae Province, killed this Japanese man to revenge the murder of the Queen of Korea", as documented in Baekbeom Ilji. He waited at his home at Haeju for three months before the police came and arrested him.
Imprisonment, jailbreak, and educational activities
educational activities
Kim was tortured and sentenced to death. According to 'Baekbeom Ilji', however, many Korean people were sympathetic and admired him for his patriotism and bravery, as shown by the facts that his execution was suspended by order of Emperor Gwangmu, that Korean judicial officials behaved politely to him despite Japanese pressure to execute him promptly, and that influential Koreans at the time (including major merchants of Inchoen) made efforts to rescue him by repeated petitions to Korean Justice Department Officials and by collecting money for his ransom before his scheduled execution date.
In prison, Kim had a chance to read newly published textbooks about Western culture and science such as Taeseo Shinsa (태서신사; 泰西新史) and Saegye Jiji (세계지지; 世界地誌). He was deeply impressed by the strengths of the new Western science and recognized the importance of education for the Korean people. He started to teach about 100 illiterate fellow prisoners. The Korean newspaper Hwhangsung Shinbo (황성신보; 皇城新報) reported at the time that by his teaching of prisoners Kim Chang Soo changed the Incheon Prison into a school.
In 1898 he broke out of prison and escaped into Magoksa (마곡사; 麻谷寺), a Buddhist temple in Gongju (공주; 公州), Chungcheong province, and entered the Buddhist priesthood. A year later Kim left the priesthood and returned to Hwanghae, where he devoted himself to the enlightenment and education of the Korean people, founding (장연학교; 長淵學校) and the Yangsan School (양산학교; 楊山學校) in 1907, becoming the principal of the Yangsan School. In 1904, he married Choi Jun Rye (최준례;崔遵禮) from Sincheon (신천), Hwanghae Province.
In 1905, the Eulsa Treaty (을사조약; 乙巳條約) was made between Japan and Korea, making Korea a protectorate of Japan. Kim participated in a mass protest against the treaty in Seoul and presented a memorial to Emperor Gwangmu urging him to withdraw from the treaty. In 1908, Kim joined Shin Min Hoi (신민회; 新民會; New People's Association), a national-level underground organization established by Ahn Chang Ho (안창호) for nonviolent Korean independence movement.
In 1910, the Japanese colonial government arrested An Myung Geun (안명근; 安明根), a cousin of the An Jung-Geun who killed Ito Hirobumi, for plotting to assassinate Governor-General Terauchi Masatake (寺内正毅). Kim, who was a close friend of Ahn, was suspected of being an accomplice and arrested as well. Like other jailed suspects, Kim was severely tortured, but no evidence linking him to the assassination attempt was found and he was released from prison after 3 years.[4]
This term of imprisonment left Kim with damage to cartilage and his left ear disfigured for life, due to beating by Japanese in the prison, in addition to his calves that were already permanently scarred in his earlier imprisonment torture for the killing of Tsuchida. At the time, Han Pil Ho (한필호; 韓弼昊), a member of Shin Min Hoi was killed, Shin Suk Choong (신석충; 申錫忠) killed himself, and An tried to commit suicide during the severe interrogation but failed. Gu Kim also tried to kill himself with a self-inflicted injury in his head, but failed.
In prison, Kim changed his name from 'Kim Changsoo' to 'Kim Gu' and adopted the pen name of 'Baekbeom' (백범, 白凡). Kim stated in his biography that the change of his name symbolized breaking free from Japanese nationality records and that he chose the pen name Baekbeom, which means "ordinary person", hoping every ordinary Korean person would fight for the independence of Korea.
Kim exiled himself to Shanghai, China in 1919 after a nationwide non-violent resistance movement, known as the March 1st Movement (3.1 운동), which was violently suppressed by the Japanese imperialist government. In Shanghai, Kim joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國 臨時政府), which vowed to liberate Korea from Japanese occupation.
After serving as the Police Minister, Kim became the president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1927. He was re-elected to the office many times by the Provisional Assembly.
In 1931 he organized a nationalist group, the Korean Patriotic Corps (한인애국단; 韓人愛國團). One of the members, Yoon Bong-Gil (윤봉길; 尹奉吉), ambushed and assassinated the Japanese military leadership in Shanghai on April 29, 1932. The commander of the Japanese Army and Navy died instantly. Another member, Lee Bong-chang (이봉창; 李奉昌), tried to assassinate the Japanese emperor Hirohito in Tokyo on January 8 of the same year but failed.
After escaping to Chongqing where Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government was established, Kim established the Korean Liberation Army (광복군; 光復軍), commanded by General Ji Cheong-cheon (지청천; 池靑天). When the Pacific Warbroke out on December 8, 1941, Kim Gu declared war on Japan and Germany and committed the Korean Liberation Army to the Allied side; the Korean Liberation Army took part in warfare in China and Southeast Asia. Kim arranged for the Korean Liberation Army to advance to Korea in 1945 but, days before the departure of the leading unit, the war ended.
Kim returned to Korea upon the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945.
In 1948, the inaugural National Assembly of South Korea nominated Kim as a candidate for the office of the first president of the Republic. In the election by the National Assembly, Kim was defeated by Syngman Rhee (이승만; 李承晩), the first president of the provisional government, who had been impeached in 1925 by a vote of 180-16. He also lost the election for the vice presidency to Lee Si-yeong (이시영; 李始榮) by a vote of 133-59. Kim himself did not know about his nomination until after the election, and he did not approve the nomination, considering it a ploy to discredit him. Also, Kim would never have participated in the election as he fiercely opposed the establishment of separate governments in North and South Korea.
In June 26, 1949, Kim was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee (안두희; 安斗熙) in his office. Although some suggest there may have been a right-wing conspiracy to assassinate him in which even president Rhee and the CIA could have been involved, no details of the assassination have been revealed. Moreover, Ahn Doo-hee was murdered by Park Gi Sheo (박기서), a follower of Kim's in 1996 after he allegedly confessed that Kim Chang-ryong (김창룡; 金昌龍) masterminded the assassination, thus further obscuring the prospect of finding the motive of assassination. According to Bruce Cumings in his 1981 books, another possible motive for the assassination could have been Kim's alleged connection to the assassination of Song Chin-u (송진우; 宋鎭禹]), a leader of the Korean Democratic Party (KDP) who had chosen to work closely with the American military government.[6] However, there are strong arguments against such accusations without any evidences.[7]
Kim Gu's Assassin, Ahn Doo Whi, was an American Agent
Right-wing Terrorist, Yum Ung Take, Master-minder.
Source: Yonhap News, 2001-09-04
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Ahn Doo Whi, who shot and killed Kim Goo on June 26, 1949, was a key
employee of the US Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) in Korea. This fact was
established on September 4, 2001. It was also disclosed that Yum Ung Taek,
aka Yum Dong Jin, may have master-minded Kim Gu's murder. Yum led an
ultra-rightist terrorist group, White Angels Association (Baik-yi-sah),
Yum's group was active in anti-communist terrorism.
These facts were uncovered by Prof. Bang Sun Ju, a Korean-American
historian, and Dr. Jung Byong Joon of the Korean History Compilation
Council. They uncovered a secret report on the Kim Gu assassination by
Major George E. Cilley, an intelligence officer the US Army 1st Corp. The
report was written three days after Kim Gu's assassination and sent to the
intelligence chief of the US Army General Staff on July 1st 1949. The Korean
researchers found this report at the US National Records Archives and the
Korean History Compilation Council made it public.
It had been suspected that the US was involved in Kim Gu's assassination and
Major Cilly's secret report that confirms Ahn Doo Whi's employment by the
US CIC tends to confirm this suspicion.
Dr. Bang Sun Ju's group filed FOIA for this report titled - "Kim Koo:
Background Information Concerning Assassination", a 3rd class classified
(confidential) document. Major Cilly wrote - "Ahn Tok Hi (sic) was a Korean
youth, an founding member of a secret organization (= White Angels Society)
and a member of its First Branch. I understand that Ahn was an informant
and later a key CIC agent."
Major Cilly went to write - "Ahn Doo Whi wrote in his blood that he would
carry out Kim Gu assassination if Yum Dong Jin ordered him."
Little is known of the White Angels Society. It is believed that it was
based on the Korean Provisional Government Special Mission in Seoul,
secretly established in Seoul by Sin Ik Hee in November 1944. After
liberation, it was engaged in terrorism against Korean leftists. This group
was responsible for the grenade attack on Kim Il Sung, Kim Chaik, Choe Yong
Gun, Kim Tu Bong and other communist leaders on the March First Movement
commemoration held on March 1, 1946. The mass meeting of 70,000 was held in
the Pyongyang Railway square. The group assassinated Hyon Ju Yuk, a key
leader of domestic communists in North Korea.
The group's leader, Yum Yong Taik, was a mysterious character. Major Cilly
calls him "the most malignant blind general" and stated that Yum had
engineered a number of political assassinations. Cilly's report states that
Yum's group was responsible for the death of Chang Duk Soo and Yuh Woon
Yong, two of the most renouned Korean nationalist leaders. The fact,
revealed in the Cilly report, that Ahn Doo Whi was a key member of Yum's
assassination squad makes it plausible that Yum was behind Kim Gu's
assassination.
Yum's White Angels Society was modeled after Chang Kai Sek's Nam-yi Society,
a secret terrorist group against Japanese leaders. Sin Ik Hee and Yu Jin
San were the founders and Yum Yung Taek was put in command of its
operations. The Cilly report states that Kim Gu had Chinese communists
arrest Yum Ung Taek. The report says that Yum lost his sight from tortures
by his Chinese communist captors. Cilly goes on to suggest that it is
plausible that Yum had Kim Gu killed to avenge for personal vendetta.
However, Prof. Bang disputes Major Cilly's speculation and cites the fact
that Yum was arrested by Japanese (not by Mao's forces) and turned into
spying for the Japanese secret police.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
White Angels commander, Yum Ung Taek
Source: www.pajooyom.com/jongbo/jongbo6.htm
At about 11 AM, Narch 1, 1946, some 70,000 Koreans crowded into the stadium
in front of the Pyongyang Railway Station to commemorate the March First
Movement. Soviet Army brass, Kim Il Sung, Kim Chaik, Coe Yong Gun, Kim Du
Bong and other key Korean leaders occupied the stage. A young Korean threw
a grenade aimed at Kim Il Sung but the grenade fell short of its intended
target and exploded beneath the speaker's stand. The ceremony was
interrupted and Kim Il Sung was escorted out by Red Army security forces.
This incident followed the Siniju Students Incident of November 1945,
wherein hordes of students marched against Soviet occupation of North
Korea.. On December 27, 1945, foreign ministers of the Big Three, the US,
USSR and Great Britain, met in Moscow and announced a trusteeship of Korea.
Korean leaders were split into two camps - those supporting the trusteeship
and those dead against it. In general leftists were for trusteeship and
rightists were against it, and the left-right conflicted intensified in
Korea.
Kim Gu, Kim Gyu Sik, Cho So Ahng, Sin Ik Hee and other members of the Korean
Provisional Government (KPG) in exile in China were opposed to the
trusteeship and went on a rampage to eliminate those who were for it. They
formed a special action group, under Sin Ik Hee, whose main objective was
assassination of communist leaders. This group contracted with the White
Angels Society to send an assassination squad to North Korea.
The White Angels were commanded by Yum Ung Taik (aka Yum Dong Jin). Yum was
born in South Pyongahn Province and graduated from Seoul Sun-rim School of
Commerce and Nakyang Military Academy of China. He was an officer in Chiang
Kaisek's army and worked closely with Sin Yik Hee and Kim Wong Bong (a
leftist terrorist leader) for Korean independence.
In 1943, Yum went to Pyongyang and established a secret anti-Japanese action
group, the Great Unity Corp. Upon liberation, Yum led anti-communist
activities in North Korea. The Soviets uncovered his activities and issued
an arrest warranty but Yum and some of his followers managed to escape to
Seoul in December 1945. Yum continued his anti-communist terrorism in South
Korea. He formed the White Angels Society in South Korea.
In mid-February 1946, Kim Gu's KPG commissioned a death squad consisting of
Cho Jung Suh, Kim Jung Yi, Kim Hyong Jip and Choe Ki Sung led by Lee Sung
Yul. Sin Ik Hee gave a watch and a hat to each member. Yum gave a pistol to
each member and ordered the to kill Kim Il Sung and other communist leaders
in North Korea. Lee Sung Yul's team managed to infiltrate the March First
celebration crowd and Kim Hyong Jip threw a grenade at Kim Il Sung, who was
about to start his speech. Kim Hyong Jip was arrested but others escaped.
Assassinated: June 26, 1949, Seoul, South Korea
출생지조선 황해도 해주군 백운방 텃골사망일1949년 6월 26일 (72세)사망지 대한민국 서울특별시 서대문구 평동 경교장 2층 거실정당한국독립당 (1928년)
한국국민당 (1935년)
통합 한국독립당 (1940년)종교유교(성리학)→동학→불교→기독교배우자최여옥 (약혼 중 사망), 최준례김구(金九)1876년 8월 29일 (음력 7월 11일) ~ 1949년 6월 26일태어난 곳조선 황해도 해주군 백운방 텃골죽은 곳대한민국 서울특별시 서대문구 평동 경교장별명초명 창암, 자는 연하, 창수, 호는 백범, 연상, 법명 원종, 다른 이름은 김두래, 김두호, 장진구복무한국 광복군최종 계급광복군 대원수(통수권자)지휘한국 광복군 통수부주요 참전제2차 세계 대전기타 이력독립운동가, 승려, 교육자, 정치인, 대한민국 임시정부 국무령, 주석
김구(金九, 1876년 8월 29일(음력 7월 11일) ~ 1949년 6월 26일)는 한국의, 교육자 겸 종교인,독립운동가 겸 통일운동가, 정치인이었다. 몰락 양반가의 자손[1] 으로 태어나 과거에 응시하였으나 실패, 이후 동학농민운동에 참가하였고, 한때 불교승려로 활동했으며 이후 기독교에 귀의하였다. 양산학교, 보강학교 등에서 교육자로 교편을 잡기도 했고, 해서교육총회 학무총감으로도 활동했다. 교육·계몽운동 중 일본 경찰에 연행되어 수감되기도 하였다.
1919년 이후 상하이에서 대한민국 임시정부에 참여하여, 의정원 의원, 경무국장, 내무총장, 국무총리 대리, 내무총장 겸 노동국 총판 등을 지냈다. 외교 중심의 독립운동이 성과를 얻지 못하자1921년 임시정부 내 노선갈등 이후 일부 독립운동가들이 임시 정부을 이탈하고, 만주 사변 이후에 일본의 중국 침략이 본격화되면서 중국 관내 여러 지역으로 임시 정부를 옮겨다녔으며, 1924년에는 만주 대한통의부 박희광(朴喜光)등을 통한 친일파 암살 및 주요공관 파괴, 군자금 모집등을 비밀리에 지휘하였고, 이후 한인애국단을 조직하여 이봉창의 동경 의거, 윤봉길의 훙커우 의거등을 지휘하였다.
1926년 12월부터 1927년까지 1930년부터 1933년까지 임시정부 국무령을, 이후 국무위원, 내무장, 재무장 등을 거쳐 1940년 3월부터 1947년 3월 3일까지 임시정부 국무위원회 주석을 지냈다. 1945년 광복 이후에는 임시정부 법통 운동과, 이승만, 김성수 등과 함께 신탁 통치 반대 운동과 미소 공동위원회 반대 운동을 추진하였으며, 1948년 1월부터 남북 협상에 참여했다.
블라디미르 레닌에게서 받은 정치 자금을 사회주의자들에게만 나눠주던 김립을 암살했고, 자신의 부하였다가 사이가 틀어진 안공근의 암살 배후 의혹을 받기도 한다.
해방 후에도 존 하지, 브루스 커밍스 등에 의해 송진우의 암살 배후로 지목되었으며, 송진우 암살 직후 군정청 사령관 존 하지에 의해 경고를 받기도 했다. 1947년 12월 장덕수 암살 사건 때는 현장에서 한국독립당원이 검거되면서 재판정에 서기도 했다. 1948년에는 반(反) 이승만 쿠데타 기도 의혹을 받기도 했다. 또한 김구는 김성수의 암살을 기도[2] 하려다가 실패하였으며 이것이 미 군정의 첩보에 입수되기도 했다.
자(字)는 연하(蓮下), 처음 이름은 창암(昌巖)이고, 호(號)는 백범(白凡), 연상(蓮上)이다. 호는 미천한 백성을 상징하는 백정의 ‘백(白)’과 보통 사람이라는 범부의 ‘범(凡)’ 자를 따서 지었다.[3][4] 19세 때 이름을 창수(昌洙)로 바꾸었다가, 37세(1912년)에 거북 '구'(龜)였던 이름을 아홉 '구'(九)로 바꾸었다. 그 밖에 김두래, 장진, 장진구라는 예명도 있었다. 젊어서 동학교도 였고,불교에 귀의해서 법명 원종을 얻은 승려였으며[5], 신민회에서 활동하면서 기독교신자가 되었다][6] 이다. 김방경의 25대손으로 본관은 안동이며, 황해도 해주 출신이다.
